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Further Information Sources on Robert Smalls

Bibliography


Adams, Russell L., Great Negroes Past and Present. Chicago: Afro-Am Publishing Co., 1963.
Aptheker, Herbert, ed. A Documentary History of The Negro People in the United States. vol. 2.
New York: Citadel Press, 1994.
Baskin, Wade and Richard N. Runes, eds. Dictionary of Black Culture. New York: Philosophical
Library, 1973.
Bennett, Lerone, Jr., Wade in the Water: Great Moments in Black History. Chicago: Johnson
Publishing Co., 1979.
Blassingame, John W., ed. Slave Testimony: Two Centuries of Letters, Speeches, Interviews and
Autobiographies. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1977.
Blassingame, John W., and John R. McKivigan, eds. The Frederick Douglass Papers. (Series One:
Speeches, Debates, and Interviews.) vol. 4. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991.
Bolster, W. Jeffrey. Black Jacks, African American Seamen in the Age of Sail. Cambridge, Mass.:
Harvard University Press, 1997.
Boris, Joseph J., ed. Who’s Who in Colored America. New York: Who’s Who in Colored America
Corp., 1930, 2nd ed.
Brown, William Wells. The Black Man, His Antecedents, His Genius, His Achievements. Miami:
Mnemosyna Publishing Co., 1969. (4th ed., Reprint of Boston: Robert F. Wallcut, 1865).
Carse, Robert. Department of the South – Hilton Head Island in the Civil War. Columbia: The State Printing Co., 1961.
Commager, Henry Steele, ed. Illustrated History of the Civil War. New York: London: Orbis Books, 1979.
Cowley, Charles. Leaves from a Lawyer’s Life Afloat and Ashore. Boston: Lee & Shepard, 1879.
Cowley, Charles. The Romance of History in “The Black County” and the Romance of War in the
Career of General Robert Smalls, “The Hero of the Planter” Lowell, Mass.: no publisher, 1882.
Christian, Charles M., ed. Black Saga, The African American Experience. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1995.
Drotning, Philip T. Black Heroes in Our Nation’s History: A Tribute to Those Who Helped Shape
America. New York: Cowles Book Co., 1969.
Fox, Gustavus Vasa. Confidential Correspondence of Gustavus V. Fox. 2 vols. New York: Naval
Historical Society, 1920.
Franklin, John Hope. From Slavery to Freedom, A History of African Americans. New York:
McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1994.
Fraser, Walter J. Jr. Charleston! Charleston! The History of a Southern City. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1989.
[French, Justice Clement]. The Trip of the Steamer Oceanus to Fort Sumter and Charleston, S.C.
Brooklyn: The Union Steam Printing House, 1865.
Genovese, Eugene D. Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made. New York: Vintage Books, 1976.
Gibson, Charles Dana and E. Kay Gibson. Assault and Logistics, Union Army Coastal and River
Operations, 1861-1866, The Army’s Navy Series. Camden, Me.: Ensign Press, 1995 .
Greene, Robert Ewell. Black Defenders of America, 1775-1973. Chicago: Johnson Publishing Co., 1974.
Guthrie, James M. Campfires of the African American. New York: Johnson Reprint Corporation,
1970. (Reprint of Philadelphia, 1899, ed.)
Hayes, John D. Samuel F. Du Pont: A Selection from His Civil War Letters. vol. 2. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1969.
Hughes, Langston, Milton Meltzer and C. Eric Lincoln. A Pictorial History of Black Americans. New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1995.
Johnson, Michael P. and James L. Roark, eds. No Chariot Let Down: Charleston’s Free People of Color on the Eve of the Civil War. New York: W.W. Norton, 1984.
Johnson, Rossiter. Campfires and Battlefields, A Pictorial Narrative of the Civil War. New York:
Gallant Books, Inc., 1960.
Johnson, Rossiter, ed. The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans. vol. 9. Boston: The Biographical Society, 1904.
Katz, William Loren. Eyewitness: The Negro in American History. New York: Pitman, 1971.
Kranz, Rachel C. The Biographical Dictionary of Black Americans New York: Facts on File, 1992.
Kranz, Rachel, ed. Who Was Who in American History, The Military. Chicago: Marquis Who’s Who, 1975.
Leonard, John W., ed. Who’s Who in America, 1899-1900. Chicago: A.N. Marquis & Co., 1901.
Litwack, Leon F. Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979.
Logan, W. Rayford, and Michael R. Winston. Dictionary of American Negro Biography. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1982.
Low, W. Augustus, ed. Encyclopedia of Black America. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1981.
Malone, Dumas, ed. Dictionary of American Biography, vol. 9. New York: Charles Scribners’ Sons, 1935.
Mays, Joe H. Black Americans and Their Contributions to Union Victory in the American Civil War, 1861-1865. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1984.
McPherson, James M. The Negro’s Civil War: How American Negroes Felt and Acted During the
War for the Union. Blacks in the New World Series. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982.
(Reprint of New York: Pantheon Books, 1965.
Meriwether, Louise. The Freedom Ship of Robert Smalls. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1971.
Miller, Edward A., Jr. Gullah Statesman, Robert Smalls From Slavery to Congress, 1839-1915.
Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1995.
Moore, Frank, ed. The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events With Documents, Narratives, Illustrative Incidents, Poetry, Etc. vol. 8. New York: Arno Press, 1977. (Reprint of New York: Van Nostrand, 1864-68.
The National Cyclopedia of American Biography, vol. 12. New York: James T. White & Co., 1904.
The Negro in the American Rebellion: His Heroism and Fidelity. Boston: Lee & Shepard, 1867.
O’Brien, Robert and Harold H. Martin. The Encyclopedia of the South. New York: Facts on File
Publications, 1985.
Porter, David D. The Naval History of the Civil War. Secaucus, N.J.: Castle, 1984.
Quarles, Benjamin. Black Mosaic: Essays in Afro-American History and Historiography. Amherst:
University of Massachusetts Press, 1988.
Quick, William Harvey. Negro Stars in All Ages of the World. Henderson.: D. E. Aycock, 1890.
Roller, David C. and Robert W. Twyman, eds. Encyclopedia of Southern History. Baton Rouge:
Louisiana State University Press, 1979.
Rose, Willie Lee. Rehearsal for Reconstruction, The Port Royal Experiment. Indianapolis: The
Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1964.
Salzman, Jack, David Lionel Smith and Cornel West, eds. Encyclopedia of Africa-American Culture and History. vol. 5. New York: Simon & Schuster MacMillan, 1996.
Scharf, J. Thomas. History of the Confederate States Navy: From Its Organization To the Surrender Of Its Last Vessel. Freeport, N.Y., Books for Libraries Press, 1969.
Short Biographical Sketches of Eminent Negro Men and Women in the United States. Yonkers,
New York: Gazette Press, 1910.
Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts on File, 1988.
Simmons, William Johnson. Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising. New York: Arno Press, 1968. (Reprint of Cleveland: G. M. Rewell & Co., 1887.)
Sterling, Dorothy. Captain of the Planter: The Story of Robert Smalls. New York: Doubleday, 1958.
Sterling, Philip. Four Took Freedom: The Lives of Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, Robert
Smalls, and Blanche K. Bruce. Garden City: Zenith Books, 1967.
Stern, Philip Van Doren. The Confederate Navy: A Pictorial History. New York: Da Capo Press,
1992.
Symonds, Craig L., ed. Charleston Blockade, The Journals of John B. Marchand, U.S. Navy, 1861- 1862. Newport, R. I.: Naval War College Press, 1976.
Uya, Okon Edet. From Slavery to Political Service: Robert Smalls, 1839-1915. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.
Valuska, David L. The African American in the Union Navy: 1861-1865. New York: Garland
Publishing, Inc., 1993.
Van Doren, Charles Lincoln, ed. Webster’s American Biographies. Springfield, Mass., Merriam-
Webster, 1985.
Westwood, Howard C. Black Troops, White Commanders and Freedmen During the Civil War.
Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1992.
Wiley, Bell Irwin. Southern Negroes, 1861-1865. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,
1938.
Wilson, Charles Reagan and William Ferris. Encyclopedia of Southern Culture. Chapel Hill, N.C.:
University of North Carolina Press, 1989.
Wilson, Joseph T. The Black Phalanx: A History of Negro Soldiers of the United States in the Wars of 1775-1812, 1861-1865. Hartford: American Publishing Co., 1892.
Woodhead, Henry, ed. Voices of the Civil War – Charleston. Richmond, Time Life Books, 1997.

Unpublished Material

Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Del., Confederate documents found aboard steamer
Planter.
Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Del., Admiral Samuel F. DuPont Papers and Mrs. Samuel F. DuPont Papers.
U.S. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., Documents Division, Frederick Douglass Papers,
Benjamin Harrison Papers, Booker T. Washington Papers, and Carter Godwin Woodson Papers
U.S. National Archives, Washington, D.C., Records of the Veterans Administration, R.G. 15. “Civil War and Later Survivors’ Certificates,” 1861-1934, Civil War and Later Pension Files, Navy Survivor File No. 18992 [Robert Smalls]
U.S. National Archives, Washington, D.C., U.S. Customs Service, R.G. 36.7. Letters Received at
Beaufort, 1910-1921, and Letters Sent, 1867-1926.
U.S. National Archives, Washington, D.C., Department of War, Office of the Quartermaster General, R.G. 92. Water Transportation, No. 1834-1900. Planter File.
Uya, Okon Edet. “From Servitude to Service: Robert Smalls, 1839-1915.” Ph.D. diss. University of Wisconsin, 1969.


Government Publications

National Park Service. National Register of Historic Places, 1966-1988. Government Printing Office, 1989.
Naval History Division. Civil War Naval Chronology, 1861-1865. Washington: Navy Department,
1971.
Ragsdale, Bruce A. and Joel D. Trese, eds. Black Americans in Congress, 1870-1989. Washington, D.C.; U.S. Government Printing Office, 1990.
U.S. Navy Department. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1901.
U.S. War Department. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies in the War of the Rebellion. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1901.

U.S. House of Representatives.
U.S. Congress. Biographical Dictionary of the United States Congress - 1774-1989. Washington,
D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1989.
Congressional Globe, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, Report No. 2186.
Committee on Naval Affairs. Robert Smalls. 47th Congress, 2nd Session, February 19, 1883.
Committee on Naval Affairs. Authorizing the President to Place Robert Smalls on the Retired
List of the Navy. 47th Congress, 2nd Session, January 23, 1883. Report No. 1887.
Committee on War Claims. Pilot and Crew of the Steamer Planter. 50th Congress, 1st Session,
January 24, 1888. Report No. 106.
Committee on War Claims. Pilot and Crew of the Steamer Planter. 51st Congress, 1st Session,
June 27, 1890. Report No. 2584.
Committee on Invalid Pensions. Robert Smalls. 54th Congress, 2nd Session, December 16,
1895.
Committee on War Claims. Steam Transport Planter. 54th Congress, 1st Session, March 9,
1896. Report No. 1866.
Committee on War Claims. Robert Smalls. 55th Congress, 2nd Session, January 12, 1898.
Report No. 120.
Committee on War Claims. Robert Smalls. 56th Congress, 1st Session, January 16, 1900. Report
No. 51.

U.S. Senate.
Message of the President of the United States. “Report of the Secretary of the Navy,”
37th Congress, 3rd Session, December 1, 1862. Executive Document No. 1.
Committee on Pensions. [Smalls’ Pension]. 54th Congress, 1st Session, June 8, 1896. Report
No. 1134.
Committee on Claims. Robert Smalls. 55th Congress, 2nd Session, April 18, 1898. Report 909.


Newspapers

Charleston Daily Courier, May 14, 1862.
Charleston Daily Courier, May 15, 1862.
New York Herald, May 18, May 20, 1862.
New York Daily Tribune, May 20, September 10, 1862.
New York Times, May 18, 1862, October 3, 1862.
New York Commercial Advertiser, May 19, 1862.
Harper’s Weekly, June 14, 1862.
Boston Globe, May 12,13, 15, 1882.
Boston Daily Globe, May 13, 14, 1882.
Boston Herald, May 13, 16, 1882.
New York Age, March 4, 1915.


Additional Reference Materials

Christopher, Maurine. America’s Black Congressmen. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1971.
Carter, Hodding. The Angry Scar: The Story of Reconstruction. Garden City: Doubleday & Co., 1959.
Clay, William L. Just Permanent Interests: Black Americans in Congress, 1870-1991. New York:
Amistad Press, 1992.
Cruden, Robert. The Negro in Reconstruction. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1969.
Foner, Eric. Nothing But Freedom: Emancipation and Its Legacy. Walker Lynnwood Fleming
Lectures in Southern History. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1983.
Foner, Eric. Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877. New American Nation
Series. New York: Harper and Row, 1988.
Foner, Philip Sheldon, compiler. The Voice of Black America, Major Speeches by Negroes in the United States. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1972.
Franklin, John Hope. Reconstruction: After the Civil War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1995.
Holt, Thomas Cleveland. Black Over White: Negro Political Leadership in South Carolina During
Reconstruction. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1977.
Salser, Mark R. ed. Black Americans in Congress. Portland: National Book Co., 1991.
Thornbrough, Emma Lou, ed. Black Reconstructionists. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1972.


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